{"id":8575,"date":"2025-09-30T15:26:24","date_gmt":"2025-09-30T15:26:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/?p=8575"},"modified":"2025-10-16T12:28:22","modified_gmt":"2025-10-16T12:28:22","slug":"sugar-dissolution-the-science-behind-how-sugar-dissolves-in-liquids","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/vi\/sugar-dissolution-the-science-behind-how-sugar-dissolves-in-liquids\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u00f2a Tan \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng: Khoa H\u1ecdc \u0110\u1eb1ng Sau Vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Tan Trong Ch\u1ea5t L\u1ecfng"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Khoa H\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Ng\u1ecdt: Ph\u00e2n T\u00edch K\u1ef9 Thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 S\u1ef1 Tan R\u00e3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/h2>\n

Gi\u1edbi Thi\u1ec7u: H\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ed9ng Ph\u1ed5 Qu\u00e1t<\/h2>\n
\"H\u00f2a<\/a><\/div>\n
H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00e0 ph\u00ea tan \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 r\u1eafn bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o trong dung d\u1ecbch. Ch\u00fang bi\u1ebfn c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u1eafng th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn nh\u01b0 sucrose ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1eafp trong dung d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/a> quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 trong h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ea7n n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong n\u1ea5u \u0103n.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra, t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a tan l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/div>\n
\"H\u00f2a<\/a><\/div>\n

Khoa H\u1ecdc C\u01a1 B\u1ea3n<\/h2>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm b\u1eaft khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh: \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

S\u1ef1 h\u00f2a tan so v\u1edbi N\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y<\/h3>\n
<\/div>\n
Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa h\u00f2a tan v\u00e0 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau<\/a>.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
S\u1ef1 h\u00f2a tan x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t tan (sugar dissolution) tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t dung m\u00f4i (n\u01b0\u1edbc) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh dung d\u1ecbch. Ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n kh\u1eafp trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
N\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb d\u1ea1ng r\u1eafn sang d\u1ea1ng l\u1ecfng do nhi\u1ec7t. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 dung m\u00f4i tham gia. Sucrose n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y kho\u1ea3ng 186\u00b0C (367\u00b0F).<\/div>\n

\"H\u00f2a<\/a><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n
<\/div>\n
To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/a> c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Tinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cao, ba chi\u1ec1u. C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sucrose x\u1ebfp ch\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu gi\u1eef ch\u00fang c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed1t. G\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sucrose. V\u1eefa l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c gi\u1eef ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: H\u2082O. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch nh\u1ecf. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eed oxy mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u00e2m partial. Hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hydro mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u01a1ng partial. T\u00ednh ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 gi\u1ecfi trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00f2a tan c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t.<\/div>\n
\"H\u00f2a<\/a><\/div>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Ho\u00e0 Tan<\/h3>\n
<\/div>\n
Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f2a tan b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1eb7p tinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1edfi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sucrose \u1edf b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ec3.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
S\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn k\u00e9o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u hydro t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u00e9o v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng oxy \u00e2m c\u1ee7a sucrose. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u oxy \u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c k\u00e9o v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng hydro t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a sucrose.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc bao quanh m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sucrose \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. Ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1ecf n\u01b0\u1edbc kho\u00e1ng. S\u1ee9c k\u00e9o t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c gi\u1eef ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sucrose \u0111\u00f3 g\u1eafn v\u00e0o tinh th\u1ec3. Ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sucrose b\u1ecb k\u00e9o ra kh\u1ecfi tinh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 mang v\u00e0o trong n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do. N\u00f3 v\u1eabn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi v\u1ecf n\u01b0\u1edbc kho\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, l\u1edbp n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tinh th\u1ec3 tan r\u00e3.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed<\/h2>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f2a tan, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u00f3ng to \u0111\u1ebfn quy m\u00f4 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7u nh\u1ea3y tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh li\u00ean k\u1ebft. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 entropy chi ph\u1ed1i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9.<\/div>\n
\"H\u00f2a<\/a><\/div>\n

\u0110i\u1ec7u nh\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed<\/h3>\n
<\/div>\n
Li\u00ean k\u1ebft hydro l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f2a tan \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sucrose gi\u00e0u nh\u00f3m hydroxyl (-OH). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra li\u00ean k\u1ebft hydro.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
M\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft hydro h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed oxy \u00e2m m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00fat v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hydro t\u00edch c\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m hydroxyl c\u1ee7a sucrose.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hydro t\u00edch c\u1ef1c t\u1eeb ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh li\u00ean k\u1ebft hydro v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed oxy \u00e2m c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m hydroxyl sucrose.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p. H\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft hydro t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, y\u1ebfu \u1edbt n\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sucrose tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng-n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi n\u00e0y ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f9ng nhau, ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f2a tan \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong tinh th\u1ec3.<\/div>\n
\"H\u00f2a<\/a><\/div>\n

N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f2a tan<\/h3>\n
<\/div>\n
M\u1ecdi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn trao \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. H\u00f2a tan \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y h\u01a1i h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec7t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft trong tinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft hydro gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat so v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng khi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft hydro m\u1edbi gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 khi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f2a tan. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
V\u1eady n\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 entropy.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Entropy \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1eafn c\u00f3 entropy r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p v\u00ec n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Khi tinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 h\u00f2a tan, c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sucrose ri\u00eang l\u1ebb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean kh\u1eafp dung d\u1ecbch. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng entropy l\u1edbn.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi entropy cao h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n l\u1edbn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f2a tan. N\u00f3 h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (nhi\u1ec7t enthalpy). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t, nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do Gibbs.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

\u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f2a tan<\/h2>\n
<\/div>\n
Hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f2a tan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n
<\/div>\n
Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. T\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a dung m\u00f4i l\u00e0m t\u0103ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed trong \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc di chuy\u1ec3n nhanh h\u01a1n n\u00e0y va ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o tinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n v\u00e0 v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sucrose b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Khu\u1ea5y ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f2a tan, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp dung d\u1ecbch b\u00e3o h\u00f2a, t\u1eadp trung cao ngay tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ec3. L\u1edbp ranh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f2a tan ti\u1ebfp theo. Vi\u1ec7c khu\u1ea5y c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc di chuy\u1ec3n l\u1edbp b\u00e3o h\u00f2a n\u00e0y \u0111i xa h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng dung m\u00f4i m\u1edbi, ch\u01b0a b\u00e3o h\u00f2a. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y duy tr\u00ec gradient n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ngh\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea3o v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan. M\u1ed9t vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi dung m\u00f4i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf. Nghi\u1ec1n vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9t m\u1ecbn l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u di\u1ec7n t\u00edch h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9t h\u00f2a tan g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c so v\u1edbi vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2. Khi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f2a tan h\u01a1n, dung m\u00f4i tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c h\u01a1n. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i khi dung d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u00e3o h\u00f2a. \u00cdt ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc \u201ct\u1ef1 do\u201d h\u01a1n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh v\u1ecf hydrat. Gradient n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a tan ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m. Mu\u1ed7ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng lu\u00f4n h\u00f2a tan nhanh h\u01a1n mu\u1ed7ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

T\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/h3>\n
<\/div>\n
Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ng\u1ecdt<\/a>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn siro c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
V\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
cURL Too many subrequests.<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
T\u0103ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed dung m\u00f4i v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a tan, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c va ch\u1ea1m th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f2a tan nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u trong tr\u00e0 n\u00f3ng so v\u1edbi tr\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
Khu\u1ea5y (Khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u)<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Di chuy\u1ec3n l\u1edbp dung m\u00f4i t\u1eadp trung xung quanh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a tan m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng dung m\u00f4i m\u1edbi.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng gi\u00fap qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ng\u1ecdt di\u1ec5n ra nhanh h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
H\u1ea1t<\/strong> K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Gi\u1ea3m k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, nghi\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf) l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 dung m\u00f4i t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9t h\u00f2a tan g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, trong khi vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 dung m\u00f4i<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Khi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f2a tan t\u0103ng l\u00ean, gradient n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m, l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan r\u00f2ng.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Mu\u1ed7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u00f2a tan ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n mu\u1ed7ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e1ch c\u00e0 ph\u00ea.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f2a tan<\/h2>\n
<\/div>\n
Kinetics cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a tan. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan.<\/div>\n
\"H\u00f2a<\/a><\/div>\n

\u0110\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan v\u00e0 b\u00e3o h\u00f2a<\/h3>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0110\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t tan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a tan trong m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng dung m\u00f4i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t dung d\u1ecbch \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Khi b\u1ea1n th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00f3 h\u00f2a tan. N\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o h\u00f2a tan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 khu\u1ea5y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u00e3o h\u00f2a.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u1ede \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u00e3o h\u00f2a, dung d\u1ecbch \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sucrose v\u1eabn r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a h\u00f2a tan. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sucrose h\u00f2a tan l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft tinh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn. N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/div>\n
\"H\u00f2a<\/a><\/div>\n

Ba tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/h3>\n
<\/div>\n
D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh ba tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Dung d\u1ecbch ch\u01b0a b\u00e3o h\u00f2a ch\u1ee9a \u00edt ch\u1ea5t tan h\u01a1n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a tan. V\u1eabn c\u00f2n 'kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng' \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f2a tan.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Dung d\u1ecbch b\u00e3o h\u00f2a ch\u1ee9a l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a tan c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t tan \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed5 sung n\u00e0o s\u1ebd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u1edf d\u1ea1ng r\u1eafn.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Dung d\u1ecbch si\u00eau b\u00e3o h\u00f2a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t tan h\u01a1n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9a b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3. B\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o ra dung d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m dung d\u1ecbch b\u00e3o h\u00f2a \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng khu\u1ea5y. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t tan d\u01b0 th\u1eeba v\u1eabn h\u00f2a tan, nh\u01b0ng dung d\u1ecbch r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Th\u00eam m\u1ed9t 'h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng' tinh th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh k\u1ebft tinh nhanh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t tan d\u01b0 th\u1eeba n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m k\u1eb9o \u0111\u00e1<\/a>.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng cong \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan<\/h3>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sucrose, \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u0103ng l\u00ean, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00f2a tan \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u0103ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan. N\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a ch\u1ea5t tan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a tan theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sucrose, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong n\u00e0y d\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee9ng.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
D\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a tan h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4i so v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m siro \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, k\u1eb9o v\u00e0 m\u1ee9t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9 (\u00b0C)<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u0110\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan c\u1ee7a Sucrose (g tr\u00ean 100 g n\u01b0\u1edbc)<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
0\u00b0C<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
179 g<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
20\u00b0C<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
204 g<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
50\u00b0C<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
260 g<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
80\u00b0C<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
362 g<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
100\u00b0C<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
487 g<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

cURL Too many subrequests.<\/h2>\n
<\/div>\n
Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o sucrose (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tinh luy\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng). Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 glucose v\u00e0 fructose. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 n\u1ea5u \u0103n<\/a>.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

Chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 Ba lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/h3>\n
<\/div>\n
Sucrose l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t disaccharide. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb hai ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau: m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed glucose v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed fructose. Glucose v\u00e0 fructose, ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 monosaccharide.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed7i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, fructose c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00f2ng n\u0103m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 h\u00f2a tan nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi glucose v\u00e0 sucrose \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Glucose c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00f2ng s\u00e1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. N\u00f3 \u00edt h\u00f2a tan h\u01a1n sucrose. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

H\u00e0m \u00fd th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/h3>\n
<\/div>\n
L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/a> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0110\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan c\u1ef1c cao c\u1ee7a fructose v\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u00edt k\u1ebft tinh khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1ecbn, kh\u00f4ng v\u00f3n c\u1ee5c. Ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9t, th\u1ea1ch ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i k\u1eb9o. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1ebft tinh cao c\u1ee7a sucrose th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u mong mu\u1ed1n khi l\u00e0m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i fudge ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp kem ph\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u mong mu\u1ed1n. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n
<\/div>\n
So s\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ba lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn siro d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Sucrose (\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tinh luy\u1ec7n)<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Glucose (Dextrose)<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Fructose (\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y)<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
Lo\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Disaccharide (\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f4i)<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Monosaccharide<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Monosaccharide<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
Tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
342,3 g\/mol<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
180,16 g\/mol<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
180,16 g\/mol<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
\u0110\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan<\/strong> (\u1edf 20\u00b0C)<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
~204 g \/ 100g H\u2082O<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Kho\u1ea3ng 91 g \/ 100g H\u2082O<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Kho\u1ea3ng 400 g \/ 100g H\u2082O<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
\u0110\u1ed9 ng\u1ecdt t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
- G\u1ed1c (C\u01a1 s\u1edf)<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
~0.75<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
~1.7<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1ebft tinh<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Cao<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Cao<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
\n
Th\u1ea5p<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y<\/h2>\n
<\/div>\n
Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kho\u00e1ng tinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/a> t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a tan \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc<\/h3>\n
<\/div>\n
T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed: S\u1ef1 h\u00f2a tan v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp hydrat v\u00e0 k\u00e9o c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sucrose ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0110\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc: T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh: nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, khu\u1ea5y tr\u1ed9n, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9: L\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a tan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\n

Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y<\/a> bi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ng\u1ecdt tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/a>, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Li\u00ean k\u1ebft Tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/p>\n