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\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C0EOddjzUooDsVxBiwMc2X5wnwu\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EjnqdUqMpoSnO7xaB6xcVUkVnZf\">\u092f\u0939 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0935\u0947\u091f\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u0947\u091f\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964 \u0939\u092e \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0924\u0932\u092c \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0935\u0947\u091f\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0932 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0949\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0928) \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092b\u0948\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-UztOd8ZrLoxXmbx2DsecsrKmnCf\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BC2Td4pSDoGfGtxhVHfcpRCznue\">\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NNmpdKA0coWP8bxxf4fc13PFnFl\"><\/div>\n<ul class=\"list-bullet1\">\n<li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Sw7Gd49tsofp8gx2EBUcPHI2nrg\" data-list=\"bullet\">\n<div>\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0932\u0949\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917: \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0916\u0941\u0930\u0926\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u091a\u094b\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0918\u093e\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0902\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-A4nDdsdwdoEBPLxHOwqcfxoxnQh\" data-list=\"bullet\">\n<div>\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928: \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0932\u0947\u0902\u091f, \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915, \u092f\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-V60qd4ZSoofajkxq8Gkc3JAInNd\" data-list=\"bullet\">\n<div>\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e: \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0928 \u0921\u0947\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u092c\u0932 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u092e\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092f\u0947 \u092c\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SOmsduByZokyQVxvrKQcEvX1nnd\" data-list=\"bullet\">\n<div>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e: \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0921\u092c\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Wsc4dD7hcokU9rxKDZScny35n4b\"><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-Y8htdtVtOo4ZVyxsKwkcdvfznRb\">\u091c\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-I4W4dNqNvo4uxJxr0tsc8SB6ngh\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BfYBdgUTNonLZtxeTjKcHPMynxb\">\u091c\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u090f\u0928\u094b\u0921 (\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948), \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0948\u0925\u094b\u0921 (\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948), \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f (\u090f\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u092e\u0940) \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0917\u0948\u0932\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0918\u094b\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-PidvdGbnhoxRKZxicgrcR5uNn5d\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CKArdYXxRoEzRsxdFL3cl2fJnhh\">\u0915\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0908 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0940, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-RthKdBQSno1tUJxbThIcwReFnjc\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NEmcdA8KmogT1exbgJUcNlbAnxc\">\u092a\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917-\u092c\u0947\u0921\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 (PBR) \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 1 \u0938\u0947 2 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e PBR \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0918\u0928\u0940, \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u091b\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Jn6YdequVoSoiYxM3T0cl1zInhe\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-JdPXdZOlIopGcXxttUsclpVmn8f\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LQjTd2mm7oYaxJx0jkRcyrFMnke\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-DU04d7LhxoP5wJxcIb3czdmrnh9\">\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u0948\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930\u2014\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u094b\u0937\u2014\u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Vwx6dG0I3oiIC9xVEqDcqGs4nLh\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ST60d1WOroLD06xkQmwcr0CJn1e\">\u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u091c \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0905\u0928\u093e\u091c \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939, \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QhQYd8t4Koe8UAxsQWOcWWODnch\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-1066410.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-8648\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-1066410-683x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\u0917\u093f\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u091b\u0940\u0902\u091f\u093e\u0915\u0936\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u0932\u0939\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u0932\u0939\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902, \u092e\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b, \u092c\u0942\u0902\u0926, \u0924\u0930\u0932, \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935, \u0938\u0924\u0939, \u091c\u0932 \u0938\u0924\u0939, \u092c\u0942\u0902\u0926, \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0942\u0902\u0926, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f, \u092e\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e, \u0906\u0908\u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0935\u0949\u0932\u092a\u0947\u092a\u0930\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"heading-2 ace-line old-record-id-T3b4dQESgok7IcxhmvycML74nAe\">\u090f\u0921\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/h2>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CLG9dwbMAoSdTKxMeracg9QPnmh\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SAridNTrooKJhixlDVEcUIDon0e\">\u090f\u0921\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0908, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0928\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u092c \u0939\u092e \u0909\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b atom \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e atom \u092f\u093e ion \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e ion \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-I4fzdwgxQo1dAMxhjsKcFq2wnp2\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-Yx0Qd93XOoaO6pxTE9IcQUKLntb\">\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0921\u093f\u092a\u094b\u091c\u0940\u0936\u0928<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LWfVdbSwToBLw0x3MWXcIwiRnRo\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SyxTdzThsos396xVkz5cRZ16n99\">\u092b\u0948\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0938\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u092e\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TrGbd0EWfoRC9OxzWQzcWe8rnpe\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XSkjdWUNkoAZucxdiT2cFymFnag\">\u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0935\u0923 \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0902 (\u0915\u0948\u091f\u093e\u092f\u0928) \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0902 (\u090f\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0928) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0940\u0938 \u0915\u0948\u0925\u094b\u0921 (\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0921) \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QZxPdUyuAoWhyixPycBcrQQqnEe\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Jxt4d4k4Vo4ElNx0iDCcpex4ntf\">\u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0925\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0940\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930, \u0935\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0940, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GLw3daduzoCCxfxId0Ac7qI7nff\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-J3yLdXRASoIeAQxU5bIc1QwVnih\">\u092f\u0939 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e, \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932\u0938\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f, \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u0948\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093f\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-RpwedmuU1otc1kxZLI4cHLtxnen\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-RJG2dz0LaojjTyxkrqNcV33mnyD\">\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0921\u093f\u092a\u094b\u091c\u0940\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-DXhwdPYkcovB8hxCeIwcj32Innc\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TF15dVPk2oAyoLxPOtmc9oA8nTd\">\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0921\u093f\u092a\u094b\u091c\u0940\u0936\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Voqfdc3imoxxhwxzPmyckcSCnG9\"><\/div>\n<h4 class=\"heading-4 ace-line old-record-id-Oa0hd7Ywmo2SiaxBKo9clWNlnRf\">\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0921\u093f\u092a\u094b\u091c\u0940\u0936\u0928 (PVD)<\/h4>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GizBdM4Tio0FnvxFMz6ch32tnWf\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Yc5XdQjVuoCXsHxqPA5czLOUnNg\">PVD \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091f\u0915\u0930\u093e\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Ie90drO19oJ02QxQFmrcWxaXnyQ\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NKyLd02JYop9aMxFXxJcMGfanhf\">\u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BXDzdTvbDohrTaxGqYucqHB3nog\"><\/div>\n<ol class=\"list-number1\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XAiedvbPWoWeAcxoFBpcWOkbnch\" data-list=\"number\">\n<div>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928: \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u090f\u0915 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u092f\u093e \u201c\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u201d \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u091f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0906\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0902 (\u0906\u092e \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0928) \u0915\u093e \u0939\u092e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u091b\u0942\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947, \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-N3oSdTOfSoHxNyx59EGcQJUynpd\" data-list=\"number\">\n<div>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928: \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0924\u0915 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-KC0vdIO5Ro8JNdx8ofpcj3myntb\" data-list=\"number\">\n<div>\u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928: \u0906\u0917\u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930, \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u090f\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0924, \u0918\u0928\u0940 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YCU6daBnzoTtymxagRKcdTcSnCg\"><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CGDLd955JoQFIixv8gPcN1CMnHe\">\u092a\u0940\u0935\u0940\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u201c\u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u201d \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0939\u092e \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0918\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u091f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AZUxdrcW1oNI44xNIufcnydAnSd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-545377.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-8647\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-545377-1024x622.jpg\" alt=\"\u0917\u093f\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u091b\u0940\u0902\u091f\u093e\u0915\u0936\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u0932\u0939\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u0932\u0939\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902, \u092e\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b, \u092c\u0942\u0902\u0926, \u0924\u0930\u0932, \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935, \u0938\u0924\u0939, \u091c\u0932 \u0938\u0924\u0939, \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0905\u092a, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c, \u0926\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923 \u091b\u0935\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c\u093f\u0924\" width=\"800\" height=\"486\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<h4 class=\"heading-4 ace-line old-record-id-TDEhd226MoHKC6xReICchjtvnWc\">\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u091c\u092e\u093e\u0935 (CVD)<\/h4>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MvMUd5h1xo1ywlxw3zqcq5AjnKf\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NZThdrXwUoXKk8xsePacT0sKnNh\">CVD \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u091c\u092e\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-L9Jld8gN0ogKPcxNG9hc35E0n4e\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TBbkd38PdotdIjxSgHEc3XRInSd\">CVD \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947, \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XsXIdyZstoj7yYxDXesc3F1fn8d\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JzeMdJgTQoma4TxfOJsc3EDgntd\">\u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u091f\u0942\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u092e\u093e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u094b\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/hi\/how-is-chocolate-made-in-factories-33\/\" title=\"\u0917\u092e\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1311\" target=\"_blank\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/a> \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HUXzdJlNCoiW0Wx6KzkcyBuonid\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-FADZdg6KGoT7y7xVRhbcAZTgnvR\">\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e 1: \u092a\u0940\u0935\u0940\u0921\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e CVD<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AVjzd7GHNoYWGVxlsbFckHMXnRf\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<table class=\"ace-table\" data-ace-table-col-widths=\"200;200;200\">\n<colgroup>\n<col width=\"200\" \/>\n<col width=\"200\" \/>\n<col width=\"200\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LvmtdYye8oSDa9xEPkVcWU2xnxb\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Htopd09gAoI5owxZI7aceqlknTg\">\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0921\u093f\u092a\u094b\u091c\u0940\u0936\u0928 (PVD)<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-DMI3dmokhowYFVxPLUfcc6QZn4b\">\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u091c\u092e\u093e\u0935 (CVD)<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YUFwdShsSo5YPMx7aveczvc7nne\"><strong>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Q3sQdFQ0KonqyvxaLzQcVpoqnXe\">\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e: \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u091f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-E4FxdJUoLokOfuxy9u3cB5Ltnhf\">\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e: \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VMqxdaQywodcKxx8XQacKaA4nvf\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Qf9Ud79JEoNEAMxDkYIcGtYXn1d\">\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e (50 \u2013 600\u00b0C)<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OXiQdxA4SoNnxTxlwM3cA0vfnbh\">\u0906\u092e \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a (600 \u2013 2000\u00b0C), \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u092e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 (PECVD)\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-P4XzdhsitoCvcZxHFg4cuYJsnAd\"><strong>\u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ErWldVim6oHitlx2YMncQzY7nPe\">\u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940, \u0906\u092f\u0928 \u092c\u092e\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Q000dC6w4oXJeRxZPo6cusxSn8c\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f, \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-C7yZdSp3ko9HddxZH8IccMuanje\"><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Mz4FdZ4lRoap43xZwxAcW34hn9e\">TiN, CrN, AlTiN (\u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938), Al, Cu (\u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u0915\u0930\u0923)<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-M2JodepFdoOewLxddVbcblEknyb\">\u0939\u0940\u0930\u093e, \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u091f\u0902\u0917\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EIb9dl3RmokbDgxuIxBcamHznBd\"><strong>\u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f<\/strong><strong> \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GXSCdqqdZooBDWxao4ycM88Un1f\">\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928-\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XC5DdRswqou4N4xno6mcK0BgnRc\">\u0909\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HIiudvOCAou19nxafI5cnkU9ntb\"><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-KtPPdQCk6oZcywxc8GPceqtEnWh\">\u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e-\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0918\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AA4md2GHIoYbvix7a7xcJ0Synqf\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f, \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CsPbdVVrFo3WA9xMU5lcHNdEnsh\"><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"heading-2 ace-line old-record-id-CU5edPTMQoksjuxfv0ecgMjMnJd\">\u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/h2>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NoHldnWqzoA57wxqk8McSwEmnCf\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HZaYdSB5WoE96jxzNf4c19y2n2c\">\u0928\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926\u093e \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BHUGdKeaMo1mvgxHFAnch07enxw\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-UNHddLa01oHHkExX7TAc6SMSnU6\">\u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0915\u0948\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0921\u093f\u092b\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091c\u0928<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XlfhdfoDnoPc6FxpZZlcLOmEnbb\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Uszvdisnoo6sPuxNt94cLO8ynyb\">\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092b\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0921\u093f\u092b\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091c\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u090f\u0902\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 (\u092d\u091f\u094d\u0920\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923) \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 (\u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f) \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JNW1dazAeo5aAaxmRByctwN4nhy\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QJ6Cd0OgEopWvZxxZdicv3wSnBc\">\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0938 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928-\u0938\u092e\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0911\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0918\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LemWdtuvqoixJSxAtKecw8SZnih\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Y9XydFH7goUl1YxyGplcrFevnoe\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u091a \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0930 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QSbcd88zgoQ1DzxOx6EcsnSpnbg\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BQXadLOv6oILTMxfFejc8j0Nnbg\">\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f, \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0932\u094b\u0939\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 Fe\u2083N) \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GK9IdeAiQolpLOxxw3ocow3jnhh\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-VOcedcZusoVH2qxujR7c8m3tnvd\">\u092e\u0948\u0915\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GtNzds3qwo4g6yxOj9tcdLLfnme\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BgGEdzbg0oSCv3xFvBacuSIen2e\">\u092e\u0948\u0915\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Q4V9dsyLqozBVfxEarrcxTrvnnh\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-UvE7dcQ80oKDZDxW96ycptYMnge\">\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u0949\u091f \u092a\u0940\u0928\u0940\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u090f\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0935\u0947\u0917 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940, \u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e (\u0936\u0949\u091f) \u0915\u093e \u092c\u092e\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NQpMdtxtRofwMJx4xgtcJYjYnic\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-F3HwdbEI5oZFOgxVkpkcyNcUnGb\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u0949\u091f \u0915\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u0928\u0940\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0925\u094c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0921\u093f\u0902\u092a \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0921\u093f\u0902\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0938\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0927\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-KglAdrrA8odIr0xv8k1c1V4inVd\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LMEYdkjuYoEVioxSWJccqa17nmd\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u092f\u093e \u092b\u0948\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZO6Xd8sYfoGdYYx7HY9cORjUndb\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HpT5dqtfWoG7NZxmvnvc6XobnXh\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0939\u092e \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0940\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0940\u0928\u0940\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a \u0907\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/hi\/sugar-cooking-pot-engineering-guide-heat-transfer-process-control\/\" title=\"\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0917\u093e\u0907\u0921: \u0939\u0940\u091f \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1313\" target=\"_blank\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/a>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-FnBOd8iVpoxHcZx7WaccFx1vnZq\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-1584711.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-8646\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pixabay-1584711-678x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\u092e\u0938\u093e\u091c \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940, \u092e\u094b\u092e\u092c\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e, \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0932\u0915\u094d\u091c\u093c\u0930\u0940, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u093e, \u092e\u0938\u093e\u091c, \u0924\u094c\u0932\u093f\u090f, \u091a\u093e\u092f \u092e\u094b\u092e\u092c\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u092e\u094b\u092e\u092c\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u0936\u0928\u0940, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u093e \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u093e, \u092e\u0938\u093e\u091c\" width=\"678\" height=\"1024\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-FLvLdU9SkoROVBxs5i2cQLwsneg\">\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e 2: \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ETNNdVdN0omGlNxJxvIckId7ntb\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<table class=\"ace-table\" data-ace-table-col-widths=\"200;200;200;200\">\n<colgroup>\n<col width=\"200\" \/>\n<col width=\"200\" \/>\n<col width=\"200\" \/>\n<col width=\"200\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XHYXdmk4QovRqQxLuwWcgpoFnvd\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-FARLd4L7XowXoMxccojcTMdDn0d\">\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-RClkdXpUgoS3XNxGkrFcb4PPn9d\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u0902\u0921<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VOp7dj1TWoNO7ixpcpbcbVXunhb\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Fk6zdmNAGobG5CxwiwdcBTysnGf\"><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Sr5odvjCdoZIQSx0IzscXJ7snHh\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-V0o9ddSr4ou37oxvypscvRdrn8d\">\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SBbldtPFXoYSM4xHp0DcfYarnHA\">\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-WpH2dKnJloKcDNxdm87coCHCnVh\"><strong>\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VIQ3dLAw1obE0ExaFTcctmi0njc\">\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-FU0HdhPAOop5gPxpC3zcZOA3nlc\">\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Sx85dFg3boLgYLxpwhbcnuoqnQf\">\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-PoNod4YFooMmPIx1uMncQrs8nwh\"><strong>\u0936\u0949\u091f \u092a\u0940\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BElsd2kutoP5F8xWUY6csAcunJe\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LCsZd7ZNDoNoa7xhR3ncNlhonWb\">\u0936\u0949\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930\/\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0935\u0947\u0917, \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NKhsdTQMooklOXxZn2WcQ9eQnpC\">\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, <strong>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924<\/strong> \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-WvHjdQbklocKvKxHGOrcBk7qnEw\"><strong>\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Cp6xdCdjPofCkuxrkGJch9Yrnbh\">\u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-U4XFd09cMopmY0x91JhccuR1nue\">\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0928, \u092a\u0940\u090f\u091a, \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-KVnhdARsOo34NIxuluVcgQtNnjc\">\u091c\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927, \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Qu5BdWdqmowos4xaAEZcQCYWnbg\"><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"heading-2 ace-line old-record-id-CcgAduhE0onjKHxKqlwcHtQznVd\">\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e<\/h2>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EhlKd2XYEoc5PlxZKMgcYxVMnpd\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-RAb9dEM5QoA9cuxZdOTc6pBNn4b\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0926\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u0932\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BtPvdqHeRoP5Zvx3TeCcgSdDn0g\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-CyNKduKAXo637UxKwJrcGMyhn7h\">\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TYZBd08M5oEBdQxMf1Kcp9qinYc\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OaYhdW0iEo8pLnx1b37c7lC5nNg\">\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-I0VzdTxn4oxoEIxegFkcIDbYnvh\"><\/div>\n<ul class=\"list-bullet1\">\n<li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XyyZdwlhvo6mpjxWCN0cVSJPnAe\" data-list=\"bullet\">\n<div>\u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940: \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0906\u092a \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u092e \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0949\u0932\u093f\u092e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 CVD \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-PV6Fdw0tdoj5rQxCcIFcK7Abnoc\" data-list=\"bullet\">\n<div>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0940\u0935\u0940\u0921\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928-\u0911\u092b-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Kqwvd1VODogE7PxA7z5cGk8RnMg\" data-list=\"bullet\">\n<div>\u0907\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0917\u0941\u0923: \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u2014\u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927, \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u2014\u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Oyo3dtVW0oBjQJxzF4jcMSbInhd\"><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-NPuNdxP4WosJFpx9hYacrdkknDg\">\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928: \u0911\u091f\u094b\u092e\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0936\u093e\u092b\u094d\u091f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-O3VMd9hjJoO3Xzx8FzPcUSffnFc\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-X5okdBP6Jo2H6LxTPdBcbQYTnkg\">\u0906\u0907\u090f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0911\u091f\u094b\u092e\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0936\u093e\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LhjgdweBMoZFuXx80hOc43CHnHy\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GyCldebsloJlL3x3M4GcGIacn7e\"><strong>\u091a\u0930\u0923 1: \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Pvvmdghjjo8oSgxKruLcDzjXnVf\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u0948\u092e \u0932\u094b\u092c \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u0939\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/hi\/rope-sizer-engineering-guide-load-strength-safety-calculations\/\" title=\"\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e: \u0932\u094b\u0921, \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1314\" target=\"_blank\">\u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u0924<\/a>\u0914\u0930 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0908\u0964 \u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0915 \u092b\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091c\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932 \u090f\u0932\u0949\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HS3cdFcT4ogAb8xOY3bcX3o0nqg\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-KlEgdaO3koGD7lxU7E5c2Im3nGd\"><strong>\u091a\u0930\u0923 2: \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XkHBdct3uog99oxSJg5cC1VpnYe\">\u0939\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SCW3dU1E3oCo4WxAosCcgsb8nGU\"><\/div>\n<ul class=\"list-bullet1\">\n<li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-M8TZdb5T8ouN6sxWXC5cXiOSnJg\" data-list=\"bullet\">\n<div>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 (\u090f\u0921\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0935): \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0939\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0924\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092d\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NyQadGkQfolqajxTWV7caZnRnnp\" data-list=\"bullet\">\n<div>\u092a\u0940\u0935\u0940\u0921\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, DLC) (\u090f\u0921\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0935): \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0939\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-V5Wud6mZRo1IsQxY9kMc0D6Knhh\" data-list=\"bullet\">\n<div>\u0907\u0902\u0921\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 (\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928): \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u0948\u092e \u0932\u0942\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u091a \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 (\u092a\u0939\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f) \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u0928 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 (\u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928Strength \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f)\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-RfYRd9Pj0o8KX5x6PZlcDdHynnh\"><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BTuKdzTOQosPiuxx5EacK838nrc\"><strong>\u091a\u0930\u0923 3: \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JVpedVggoomyhGxap6ecCzUinHg\">\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u2014\u0916\u0930\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935\u2014\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940, \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924-\u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092e\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-FU9bdnnRNoXFoPxJOC5choxGnzc\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-IueHd2AGDolXb9x4JdAcJQUlnse\">\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e 3: \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u092e\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-DKwDdH35VoAL4Tx0f9QcpVbDnBd\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<table class=\"ace-table\" data-ace-table-col-widths=\"200;200;200;200\">\n<colgroup>\n<col width=\"200\" \/>\n<col width=\"200\" \/>\n<col width=\"200\" \/>\n<col width=\"200\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-IkYcd50G2o6jZQxj1a3cwnvjnEc\">\u0907\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0941\u0923<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-FCRidwiCnocy7Px6nBLc8Orcn2U\">\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-IEISd3Sa2o4Yc8xpmDEcoGJDnuc\">\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0909\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0926\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Vidid5JDOoJt5IxhrgNcMui3n6d\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-N6TQds1Q5oFnCvxlLYFc5aSTn8c\"><strong>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \/ \u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-KZhsdw17ko7OClx9FXicxqpEnXf\">\u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 (\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0938, \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0938) \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Wb9XdolEzodoOLx0OwrcfYGznRS\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917, PVD (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, TiN, AlTiN), CVD (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0921\u093e\u092f\u092e\u0902\u0921)<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-On50dU6qWoMTYzxkLZOceorvnBb\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908, \u092d\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XRDKdOfmbofMqZxrG5kcvtKjnVd\"><strong>\u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-USFPdQx68oq4wTxQfKlcyyVxn4d\">\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XGR2dONPNoyal6x5V4Zc0FmTn7f\"><strong>\u0936\u0949\u091f \u092a\u0940\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong>\u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u092a\u0940\u0907\u0902\u0917, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-RNCodLydEowUAdxOt2Fc8XEqnmh\">\u0918\u091f\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0907\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-DNZbd7myQoDMCbxmwFvcQ4NEnod\"><strong>\u091c\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ExxzdUkfTosa3sxr2hqciDu5nTh\">\u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\/\u0905\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EnWidJSC6oyGcPxHfbsc7zucnzU\">\u090f\u0928\u094b\u0921\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 (\u090f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f), \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932, \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938, \u092a\u0949\u0932\u093f\u092e\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OWTFdcPNoor1zwxvBg4cQgBjnUc\">\u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 (pH, \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928), \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CRA9dIznbot2PGxgtMrcK4aTn8f\"><strong>\u0915\u092e \u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 (\u0932\u0941\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928)<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VCuxdcCSfo9NxdxYq9KcjeOonLb\">\u0915\u092e-\u091d\u091f\u0915\u093e-\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-DBvVd79g0o8NtmxcEPYcGNArnjb\">\u092a\u0940\u0935\u0940\u0921\u0940 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, DLC, MoS\u2082), PTFE (\u091f\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0928) \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-N5pjdHeVNoxtTgxrETrc9cqjnbd\">\u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-DNzqd1INWoSgqlxoTkYcsfYqnpf\"><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-A7VhdPKSpoSm6ZxkMqecoxGHnUb\">\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b-\u0907\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092f\u093e \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EwAbdh1dWoU1cRxoPldcMnoon5f\">\u092a\u0940\u0935\u0940\u0921\u0940 (\u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921), \u090f\u0928\u094b\u0921\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 (\u091f\u0940\u0906\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f), \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u090f\u092a\u0948\u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-J1vpdwAXMoJ4hbxILKgc1kLCnVc\">\u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u0928\u0938\u092c\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0964<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BKPxds53voUb9UxNoNWcpdKMndb\"><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"heading-2 ace-line old-record-id-WIlUdytzYolcklxEbotcSrssnYz\">\u0926 \u0939ORIZ\u0928<\/h2>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ARk4dDlSMo5nGExkDcdcJKL5n3e\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-FOTcdV4TEoADlpxbaRQcqU5Bn0b\">\u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u0908 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092d\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0930\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0942\u0915 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u093e \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-PUX8drjr2oGLe0xkBXYcQj43nyc\"><\/div>\n<ul class=\"list-bullet1\">\n<li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BAtidjEMgoD9Pwx9zUHcTXcQn5g\" data-list=\"bullet\">\n<div>\u090f\u091f\u0949\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u092a\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0936\u0928 (ALD): \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e \u0921\u093f\u092a\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 3D \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EY9ydw9SVoaS81xoqBmctti3nue\" data-list=\"bullet\">\n<div>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u090f\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 (HEA) \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938: \u092f\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0905\u092d\u0942\u0924\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u0941\u091b HEA \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u090f\u0932\u0949\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0947-\u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AVKZdMyCaou9ktxdpU4clgzfnMg\" data-list=\"bullet\">\n<div>\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u093f\u092e\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0947\u0902: \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u092e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947, \u0939\u092e \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u094b\u092c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939, \u0936\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MAj6d8f55oIadXx8RH5c455EnX1\"><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"heading-2 ace-line old-record-id-XrRBdzqAeodjeRxQfpBcLK3Zn6f\">\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0924\u0915<\/h2>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-B3SedWYDjoKbwUxskNmc5ka0n3b\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Agt0dHBlRoHpzsxycrpcCz9DnVf\">\u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/hi\/precision-ingredient-dosing-engineers-guide-to-system-design-2025\/\" title=\"\u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u092f\u0935 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923: \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e 2025\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1315\" target=\"_blank\">\u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u092f\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/a> \u091c\u094b \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090a, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0916\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Y0e2dcpIloO4q8xoTircATj5nvg\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EjtvdUN4XonOpExOUBScnolpnif\">\u0939\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u091c\u092e\u093e\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0926\u092e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0939\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VBbrdjIV7odhG1xb3gMcuGBBnFf\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HLT8d8CwhoAZgKxuShOczAOlnpc\">\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0915\u0930, \u0939\u092e \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u2013 ASM \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.asminternational.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.asminternational.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">\u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u2013 NIST <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u2013 NACE \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 (AMPP) <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ampp.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.ampp.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">\u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u2013 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surface_engineering\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surface_engineering<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u2013 ASTM \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.astm.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u2013 ASME <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.asme.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u2013 ScienceDirect <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/materials-science\/surface-treatment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/materials-science\/surface-treatment<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u2013 SME <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sme.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.sme.org\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u2013 Thomasnet <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thomasnet.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.thomasnet.com\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u2013 MIT OpenCourseWare <a class=\"underline\" href=\"https:\/\/ocw.mit.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/ocw.mit.edu\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Unlocking Material Performance A component&#8217;s functional life is rarely determined by its bulk properties. Failure almost always starts at the surface. This is where the product meets its operating environment. Corrosion, wear, fatigue, and friction all begin at the surface. Control these, and you control reliability and performance. This analysis goes beyond simply listing surface [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8649,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_title":"","rank_math_description":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[221],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8645","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gummy-production-line"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8645","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8645"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8645\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8911,"href":"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8645\/revisions\/8911"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8649"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8645"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8645"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jymachinetech.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8645"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}